Glucosamine is a natural amino monosaccharide and an essential substance for the synthesis of proteoglycans in human articular cartilage matrix. Its molecular formula is C6H13NO5 with a molecular weight of 179.2. It is formed by the substitution of a hydroxyl group in glucose with an amino group and is readily soluble in water and hydrophilic solvents.
GET A QUOTE1.What is Glucosamine?
Glucosamine is a natural amino monosaccharide and an essential substance for the synthesis of proteoglycans in human articular cartilage matrix. Its molecular formula is C6H13NO5 with a molecular weight of 179.2. It is formed by the substitution of a hydroxyl group in glucose with an amino group and is readily soluble in water and hydrophilic solvents. It typically exists as N-acetyl derivatives (such as chitin) or in the forms of N-sulfate esters and N-acetyl-3-O-lactic ether (muramic acid) in polysaccharides and conjugated polysaccharides derived from microorganisms and animals.
2.How it Works?
Glucosamine is an essential component required for the synthesis of proteoglycans in cartilage matrix. Proteoglycans enable articular cartilage to absorb shock by inhibiting the tensile force of collagen fibers. In the early stages of degenerative joint diseases, the biosynthesis of aggregated glucosaminoglycans increases, while the opposite occurs in later disease stages. This leads to progressive weakening of cartilage elasticity and gradual development of various arthritic symptoms.
Amino monosaccharides can stimulate chondrocytes to produce glycoproteins with normal polymeric structures, inhibit enzymes that damage articular cartilage (such as collagenase), prevent damage to chondrocytes by corticosteroids and certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and reduce the release of endotoxin factors from injured cells. During the progression of arthritis, supplementation with exogenous glucosamine may exert beneficial effects. In vitro studies have shown that when glucosamine is supplemented, polymorphic cells forming cartilage can synthesize more aggregated glucosaminoglycans. In animal models of arthritis, glucosamine also exhibits antioxidant effects by inhibiting the production of superoxide free radicals in damaged cells.
Through these mechanisms, glucosamine exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects, alleviates pain symptoms of osteoarthritis, improves joint function, and may halt the progression of osteoarthritis.
3.Benefits and Uses
Immunomodulation
Glucosamine participates in carbohydrate metabolism within the body and is widely distributed, exhibiting a close relationship with humans and animals. By combining with other substances such as galactose and glucuronic acid, glucosamine forms biologically active products like hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate, which contribute to the body's protective functions.
Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Glucosamine is a vital nutrient for the formation of human chondrocytes, serving as the fundamental building block for glycosaminoglycan synthesis and a natural component of healthy articular cartilage. With advancing age, the deficiency of glucosamine in the body becomes increasingly pronounced, leading to progressive degeneration and wear of joint cartilage. Extensive medical studies in the United States, Europe, and Japan have demonstrated that glucosamine aids in the repair and maintenance of cartilage and stimulates chondrocyte growth.
Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Effects
Some researchers have investigated the antioxidant capacity of chitooligosaccharides and their protective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice. The results indicated that chitooligosaccharides possess antioxidant properties and exhibit significant protective effects against CCl4-induced liver damage, though they do not mitigate oxidative DNA damage. Another study examined the ameliorative effects of glucosamine on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice, revealing that glucosamine enhances the activity of major antioxidant enzymes in the liver while reducing levels of AST, ALT, and malondialdehyde (MDA). These findings suggest that glucosamine has certain antioxidant capabilities but does not alleviate CCl4-induced oxidative DNA damage. Additional studies employing various in vivo and in vitro methods have explored the antioxidant properties and immune response activation potential of glucosamine. The results demonstrated that glucosamine effectively chelates Fe2+ and protects macromolecular lipids from oxidative damage by hydroxyl radicals, confirming its antioxidant capacity.
Preservative and Antimicrobial Effects
Researchers selected 21 common food spoilage microorganisms as experimental strains to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of glucosamine hydrochloride. The results revealed that glucosamine exhibits significant antibacterial effects against all 21 tested strains, with glucosamine hydrochloride showing the most pronounced inhibitory activity. As the concentration of glucosamine hydrochloride increases, its bacteriostatic effect becomes progressively stronger.
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